Reduced foaming vaccine compositions

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel stable compressed vaccine composition comprising at least one anhydrous antigenic component comprising a stabilizer susceptible to foaming when the composition is mixed with liquid diluent; and an effective amount of a sugar alcohol.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/256,463, filed on Jan. 24, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 16/125,911, filed on Sep. 10, 2018, nowissued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,213,509, which is a divisional of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/880,145, filed on Oct. 9, 2015, now issued asU.S. Pat. No. 10,188,734, which claims priority to U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/062,180, which was filed on Oct. 10, 2014. Each ofthese applications, patents, and each document cited in this text, andeach of the documents cited in each of these applications, patents, anddocuments (“application cited documents”), and each document referencedor cited in the application cited documents, either in the text orduring the prosecution of the applications and patents thereof, as wellas all arguments in support of patentability advanced during prosecutionthereof, are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a stable compacted, compressed vaccinecomposition comprising a compressed vaccine composition comprising atleast one lyophilized antigenic component and a foam controlling agent,and a process of making thereof. This stable dense vaccine compositionretains titer stability and while further providing complete dissolutionin a diluent with minimum foaming. A method for vaccinating a subjectusing the stable vaccine composition is also provided.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

PCT Publication No. WO 99/21579 (Seager, et al.) discloses a fastdispersing composition for a veterinary vaccine that is freeze dried andloosely compacted. U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,180 (Allen Jr. et al.) describesa process for making a particulate support matrix for a rapidlydissolving tablet. U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,666 (Neway et al.) discloses afreeze dried liquid vaccine that may form a tablet to be reconstitutedin liquid form.

A disadvantage to current vaccine preparations is that they containstabilizers susceptible to foaming when mixed in diluent, causingexcessive foaming of the solution after dissolution of the compositionwhich also causes problems for the user in containing the solution inthe container its dissolved in. Overflow of the solution from thecontainer due to foaming can result in loss of product and increasedexposure of the vaccine to the user.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a stablevaccine composition and method of immunizing accomplished by simplydissolving a solid, stable form of an anhydrous vaccine in a diluentwith minimum foaming and minimum loss of antigenic activity.

A further object of the invention is to provide a lyophilized live orinactivated vaccine which is compacted, compressed or tableted as adense stable solid that will retain its potential immunizing capacityduring preparation and for the duration required for a pharmaceuticallyacceptable period of time and can be dissolved in diluent with minimumfoaming.

Another object of the invention is to provide a vaccine composition andmethod of immunizing with greater flexibility in the vaccinations thatcan be formulated and uses thereof.

A further object of the invention is to provide a vaccine compositionand method of immunizing which reduces the need for excess vaccinematerial needed to compensate for the inherent inaccuracies in the titercaused by over-foaming and loss of product during dissolution.

Another object of the invention is to provide a vaccine composition andmethod of immunizing which facilitates avian mass immunization.

These and other objects may be achieved by the present invention whichrelates to a stable vaccine composition comprising at least onepre-titrated lyophilized antigenic component, and foam-controllingagent, wherein the vaccine composition is in the form of a compressedcomposition. In addition, the present invention also provides a methodof immunizing a subject against a disease comprising the steps of:dissolving the compressed vaccine composition containing the foamcontrolling agent in a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent to form asolution; and administering the resulting solution to the subject in anamount effective to immunize the subject against the disease.

The invention in its particular features will become more apparent fromthe following detailed description considered with reference to theaccompanying examples. The following description will continue todiscuss the problems and solutions offered by the present invention asthey pertain to veterinary applications.

It is noted that the invention does not intend to encompass within thescope of the invention any previously disclosed product, process ofmaking the product or method of using the product, which meets thewritten description and enablement requirements of the USPTO (35 U.S.C.112, first paragraph) or the EPO (Article 83 of the EPC), such thatapplicant(s) reserve the right and hereby disclose a disclaimer of anypreviously described product, method of making the product or process ofusing the product.

It is further noted that in this disclosure and particularly in theclaims and/or paragraphs, terms such as “comprises”, “comprised”,“comprising” and the like can have the meaning attributed to it in U.S.Patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes”, “included”, “including”, andthe like; and that terms such as “consisting essentially of” and“consists essentially of” have the meaning ascribed to them in U.S.Patent law, e.g., they allow for elements not explicitly recited, butexclude elements that are found in the prior art or that affect a basicor novel characteristic of the invention.

These and other embodiments are disclosed or are apparent from andencompassed by, the following Detailed Description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows containers containing Formula I (control containing 0%mannitol), Formula II (containing 15% mannitol), and Formula III,(containing 33% mannitol).

FIG. 2 shows containers containing Formula A (containing 0% mannitol)and Formula B (containing 15% mannitol).

FIG. 3 shows containers containing Formula C (containing 0% mannitol)and Formula D (containing 15% mannitol).

FIG. 4 shows containers containing Formula E (containing 26% mannitol)and Formula F (containing 0% mannitol).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a stable compressed vaccine compositioncomprising at least one lyophilized antigenic component, and a foamcontrolling agent.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition dissolvescompletely and rapidly in a diluent.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition is in theform of a hard tablet, a caplet, a granulation, a sprinkle, a pellet, abead, a pill, or a lyophilized cake.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises adissolution agent which is an effervescent agent or pair of agents.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises adissolution agent comprising a pair of effervescent agents.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises aneffervescent pair comprising a salt and an acid e.g. citric acid and thesalt is a bicarbonate.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises afoam controlling agent comprising about 25% to 40% by weight of thecomposition.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises adissolution agent comprising up to about 60% by weight of thecomposition.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises adissolution agent comprising up to about 35% by weight of thecomposition.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises alyophilized antigenic component comprising up to 90% by weight of thecomposition.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises alyophilized antigenic component comprising up to 80% by weight of thecomposition.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition ischaracterized by complete dissolution between about 90 and 700 secondsupon contact with a diluent.

In an embodiment of the invention, the stability of the composition ischaracterized by a loss of titer no greater than the difference shown inthe examples.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises afoam controlling agent that is a sugar alcohol.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises afoam controlling agent that is xylitol, mannitol and sorbitol.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises afoam controlling agent that is mannitol.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises anantigenic component that is IB88 or IBH120.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition has afriability of less than about 2%.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises alive virus selected from the group consisting of: Newcastle Diseasevirus, Infectious Bursal Disease virus, fowl pox virus,Laryngotracheitis virus, Infectious Bronchitis of poultry virus, sheeppox virus, Rinderpest virus, or an admixture of one or more of theforegoing, whether naturally occurring, recombinant or modified.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises anantigenic component selected from the group consisting of anthraxbacilli, Salmonella S.P.P. E. coli, or an admixture of one or more ofthe forgoing, whether naturally occurring or recombinant or modified.

In an embodiment of the invention, the vaccine composition comprises anantigenic component that is a live virus and the composition furthercomprises neutralizing antibodies against the virus.

In an embodiment of the invention, a method of vaccinating a subjectagainst a disease comprising the steps of: dissolving the vaccinecomposition of the invention which provides protection against suchdisease with a diluent to form a solution; and administering theresulting solution to the subject in an amount effective to immunize thesubject against the disease.

In an embodiment of the invention, a method of vaccinating a subjectwherein the dissolving step is further characterized by completedissolution of the vaccine composition.

In an embodiment of the invention, a method of vaccinating a subjectdissolution occurs between about 90 and 700 seconds upon contact with adiluent wherein the administering step comprises spraying the subjectwith an aerosol formed from the solution.

In an embodiment of the invention, a process of making a stablecompressed rapidly dissolving vaccine composition of the inventioncomprising the steps of: lyophilizing, at least one antigenic component;mixing the lyophilized antigenic component and foam controlling agent;and compressing the mixture of the lyophilized antigenic component andfoam controlling agent with at least one dissolution agent to form astable compressed rapidly dissolving vaccine composition.

Other embodiments of the invention will be further described by thefollowing numbered paragraphs:

1. A process for reducing the foaming of a solid vaccine compositionwhen mixed with liquid diluent, wherein the composition comprises:

(i) at least one anhydrous antigenic component comprising a stabilizersusceptible to foaming; wherein the process comprises:

(a) adding an effective amount of a sugar alcohol to the solid vaccinecomposition.

2. A process according to paragraph 1, wherein the process furthercomprises:

(b) compressing the solid vaccine composition to form a stablecompressed vaccine composition.

3. A process according to paragraph 1 or 2, wherein the anhydrousantigenic component is lyophilized or dried.

4. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 3, wherein thestabilizer comprises one or more amino acid or salts thereof, protein orsalts thereof, albumin, gelatin, or combinations thereof.

5. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 4, whereinantigenic component is newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitisvirus, fowl pox virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, marek's diseasevirus, Trichophyton verrucosum, avian paramyxovirus, Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis, meleagrid herpesvirus, orf virus, or sheep pox virus.

6. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 4, wherein theantigenic component is newcastle disease virus, or infectious bronchitisvirus.

7. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 6, wherein thecomposition is mixed by sonication, mechanical or chemical means.

8. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 6, wherein thecomposition is mixed by sonication or mechanical means.

9. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 6, wherein thecomposition is mixed by chemical means.

10. A process according to paragraph 9, wherein the chemical means is aneffervescent reaction.

11. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 10, wherein thecomposition further comprises a dissolution agent.

12. A process according to paragraph 11, wherein the dissolution agentis an effervescent agent or pair of effervescent agents.

13. A process according to paragraph 11, wherein the dissolution agentcomprises a pair of effervescent agents.

14. A process according to paragraph 13, wherein the pair ofeffervescent agents comprises a salt and an acid.

15. A process according to paragraph 14, wherein the acid is citricacid, tartaric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, succinicacid, acid anhydrides or mixtures thereof.

16. A process according to paragraph 14, wherein the salt is carbonatesalts, bicarbonate salts, sesquicarbonate salts, or mixtures thereof.

17. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 16, wherein theeffective amount of sugar alcohol is about 10% to 40% by weight of thecomposition.

18. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 16, wherein theeffective amount of sugar alcohol is about 10% to 35% by weight of thecomposition.

19. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 16, wherein theeffective amount of sugar alcohol is about 15% to 35% by weight of thecomposition.

20. A process according to any one of paragraphs 11 to 19, wherein thedissolution agent is tap to about 60% by weight of the composition.

21. A process according to any one of paragraphs 11 to 19, wherein thedissolution agent is about 30% to about 60% by weight of thecomposition.

22. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 21, wherein theanhydrous antigenic component is about 20% to about 50% by weight of thecomposition.

23. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 21, whereinanhydrous antigenic component is up about 20% to about 40% by weight ofthe composition.

24. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 23, wherein thesolid vaccine composition is characterized by complete dissolution ofthe composition in the diluent between about 60 and 700 seconds uponcontact with the diluent.

25. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 24 wherein thesolid vaccine composition is characterized by complete dissolution ofthe composition in the diluent between about 60 and 300 seconds uponcontact with the diluent.

26. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 25, wherein thefoaming of the solid vaccine composition is reduced relative to thefoaming of the composition in the absence of the sugar alcohol.

27. A process according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 26, wherein thesugar alcohol is xylitol, mannitol or sorbitol or a mixture thereof.

28. A stable vaccine composition comprising:

i) at least one anhydrous antigenic component comprising a stabilizersusceptible to foaming when the composition is mixed with liquiddiluent; and

ii) an effective amount of a foam controlling agent which is a sugaralcohol.

29. A stable vaccine composition according to paragraph 28, wherein theanhydrous antigenic component is lyophilized or dried.

30. A stable vaccine composition according to paragraph 28 or 29,wherein the vaccine composition is compressed into a tablet.

31. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 30, wherein the stabilizer comprises one or more amino acid or saltsthereof, protein or salts thereof, albumin, gelatin, or combinationsthereof.

32. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 30, wherein the stabilizer is an amino acid or salts thereof proteinsor salts thereof, or combinations thereof.

33. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 32, wherein antigenic component is newcastle disease virus,infectious bronchitis virus, fowl pox virus, avian encephalomyelitisvirus, marek's disease virus, Trichophyton verrucosum, avianparamyxovirus, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, meleagrid herpesvirus,orf virus, or sheep pox virus.

34. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 33, wherein the antigenic component is Infectious Bronchitis virusstrain CR88121, Infectious Bronchitis virus strain H120 or NewcastleDisease virus strain VG/GA.

35. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 34, further comprising a dissolution agent.

36. A stable vaccine composition according to paragraph 35, wherein thedissolution agent is an effervescent agent or pair of effervescentagents.

37. A stable vaccine composition according to paragraph 35, wherein thedissolution agent comprises a pair of effervescent agents.

38. A stable vaccine composition according to paragraph 36, wherein theeffervescent pair comprises a salt and an acid.

39. A stable vaccine composition according to paragraph 28, wherein theeffective amount of sugar alcohol is about 10% to 40% by, weight of thecomposition.

40. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 39, wherein the effective amount of sugar alcohol is about 10% to 35%by weight of the composition.

41. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 39, wherein the effective amount of sugar alcohol is about 15% to 35%by weight of the composition.

42. A stable vaccine composition according to any one or paragraphs 35to 41, wherein the dissolution agent is up to about 60% by weight of thecomposition.

43. A stable vaccine; composition according to any one of paragraphs 35to 41, wherein the dissolution agent is about 30% to about 60% by weightof the composition.

44. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 43, wherein the lyophilized antigenic component is up to 90% byweight of the composition.

45. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 43, wherein the lyophilized antigenic component is up to 80% byweight of the composition.

46. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 45, wherein the composition is characterized by complete dissolutionof the composition in the diluent between about 60 and 700 seconds uponcontact with the diluent.

47. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 46, wherein the composition is characterized by reduction in foamingof the composition when in contact with the diluent relative to thefoaming of the composition in the absence of the sugar alcohol.

48. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 47, wherein the sugar alcohol is xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, or amixture thereof.

49. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 47, wherein the sugar alcohol is mannitol.

50. A stable vaccine composition according to paragraph 35, whereincomposition has a friability of less than about 2%.

51. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 50, wherein the antigenic component is a live virus and thecomposition further comprises neutralizing antibodies against the virus.

52. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 51, wherein the composition is stable at 5.degree. C. in anhydrousconditions for at least 9 months.

53. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of formulations 2,4, 6, II, III, B, D or E shown in the examples.

54. A stable vaccine composition according to any one of paragraphs 28to 53, wherein the foam is reduced by about 50%, by about 60% or byabout 80% than the same composition without the sugar alcohol.

55. A method of vaccinating a subject against a disease comprising thesteps of:

(a) dissolving the vaccine composition of any one of paragraphs 28 to54, which provides protection against such disease, with a diluent toform a solution; and

(b) administering the resulting solution to the subject in an amounteffective to the subject against the disease.

56. The method of paragraph 55, wherein the administering step comprisesspraying the subject with an aerosol formed from the solution.

The compacted, compressed and hard tablets of the vaccine compositioncan be made on an instrumented MANESTY F3 Single punch 12 mm FlatBeveled or 6 mm standard concave punches. The vaccine composition in theform of a hard tablet can be made at a pressures of a maximum of 4tonnes. The tablets can be tested for hardness on a ERWEKA TabletHardness Tester Model TBH20 as described above, and were all found tohave a hardness greater than 3.0 seD. The classic tablet normallyassociated with therapeutic agents is understood to be such a “tablet”.However, it is understood that any compacted or compressed dense form isintended, including those having less frequent use in the pharmaceuticalfield. For example, large “briquettes” would be suitable should thefinal application require a large volume of material.

Specifically, tablet fillers are substances that compromise the bulk ofthe tablet and primarily act as a carrier. Typical tablet fillersinclude, but are not limited to, calcium sulfate, calcium phosphate,calcium carbonate, starch, modified starches (carboxymethyl starch,etc.), microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, sucrose, dextrose mannitoland sorbiol. Tablet filler levels are from about 0% to 90% by weight ofthe tablet.

Binders act as the “glue” which holds powders together to form granules.Binders include, but are not limited to, natural polymers such asstarches or gums acacia, tragacanth and gelatin or synthetic polymerssuch as PVP and methyl-, ethyl- and hydroxypropylcellulose. Binderlevels are from about 0% to 20% by weight of the composition.

Dissolution aids promote dissolution of the vaccine composition. Typicalexamples include, but are not limited to effervescent agents,disintegrates, surfactants and solubilizers.

Disintegrants cause compressed tablets to break apart. Typical examplesinclude, but are not limited to, starch, microcrystalline cellulose,purified wool starch, alginic acid, sodium starch glycolate guar gum,crosslinked polyvinyl pyrolidone (PVP), ion exchange resin andcelluloses such as methyl-, croscarmellose sodium, sodium carboxymethyl-and hydroxypropylmethyl-. Dissolution agent are from about 1% to 95% byweight of the composition.

Lubricants reduce friction between the material to be compressed and diewall during compression and ejection. Most lubricants are waterinsoluble and include stearates(magnesium, calcium and sodium), stearicacid, talc and waxes. Water soluble lubricants include PEGs, sodiumbenzoate, sodium oleate, sodium acetate, sodium lauryl sulfate andmagnesium lauryl sulfate. Lubricant levels are from about 0% to 5% byweight of the composition.

Colorants are added to help identify types of vaccine formulations suchas in the form of tablets for aesthetic and functional purposes, forexample and not as limitation to the present invention, the dyesdisclosed in Examples A through D taken from Israeli Patent No. 46189.Colorant levels are from about <1% of the formulation. In an embodiment,the composition of the present invention is a hard tablet preparedhaving an effervescent agent as a dissolution aid. As those skilled inart appreciate, the effervescent tablet must contain a basic componentand an acidic component, such as an effervescent pair, so that upondissolution appropriate reactions occur to generate carbon dioxide andcarbonic acid. Suitable effervescent components include the carbonatefamily of basic compounds and inorganic or organic acidic compounds.Among the carbonate family of basic compounds, preferred effervescentagents for use in the compositions of the present invention are sodiumcarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, glycine carbonate, potassium carbonate,potassium bicarbonate, potassium dihydrogencitrate, and calciumcarbonate. A most preferred basic compound is sodium bicarbonate.Preferred acidic components for use in the compositions of the presentinvention are citric acid, adipic acid, tartaric acid, maleic acid,boric acid, benzoic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, methoxy benzoic acid,mandelic acid, malonic acid, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, glutaric acid,aspartic acid, hydrochloric acid, oxalic acid, salicylic acid, succinicacid, and acetic acid. A most preferred acidic effervescent component iscitric acid.

In addition to the basic and acidic effervescent tablet ingredientsdescribed above, the tablet composition of the present invention mayalso contain other excipients conventionally employed.

Definitions

Terms used herein will have their customary meaning in the art unlessspecified otherwise.

The term “antigenic component” or “antigen” as used herein is asubstance that is recognized by the immune system and induces an immuneresponse. The substance may comprise a whole organism, killed,attenuated or live; a subunit or portion of an organism; a recombinantvector containing an insert with antigenic properties; a nucleic acidpiece or fragment capable of inducing an immune response uponpresentation to a host animal; a protein, a polypeptide, a peptide, aglycoprotein, an epitope, a hapten, a carbohydrate, a sugar, or anycombination thereof. Alternatively, the antigen may comprise a toxin orantitoxin. A similar term used interchangeably in this context is“immunogen” or “antigenic”.

The term “compacted” as used herein refers to a vaccine compositionhaving a density greater than 1.0 g/cc, but no measurable hardness asmeasured in Strong-Cobb Units (SCU) and tested for hardness on a ERWEKATablet Hardness Tester Model TBH20.

The term “compressed” as used herein refers to a vaccine compositionhaving a hardness of at least 2.0 SCU.

The term “hard tablet” as used herein refers to a vaccine composition inthe form of a tablet or other dense form having a hardness of at least3.0 SCU.

The term “completely dissolved” as used herein is understood to meanthat no soluble component is left undissolved.

The term “rapidly disintegrated” or “rapidly dissolved” as used hereinis understood to mean that disintegration or dissolution is completewithin approximately a few minutes or less when a large volume of wateris employed for small volume of compressed lyophilized vaccinecomposition e.g. 100 ml of water for a 400 mg effervescent tablet. Thetime is increased where the volumes of diluent are comparably decreased.Thus the same tablet might require 70 seconds with a volume of water of10 ml, and 80 seconds in 2 ml of water.

The term, “disintegration time” or “dissolution time” as used herein isthe time taken for dissolution or disintegration of a tablet when mixedin a measured quantity of water at room temperature.

The term “stable” as used herein is understood to mean that thecompositions of the present invention will maintain their (potential)immunizing capacity during preparation and for the duration required forshelf life of a commercial vaccine.

The term “excipient” as used herein refers to a term for diluents orvehicles used in the formulation or the vaccine composition. Excipientscan include: diluents or fillers, binders or adhesives, dissolutionaids, lubricants, antiadherents, glidants or flow promoters, colors,flavors, sweeteners and adsorbents.

The term “stabiliser” as used herein is chemical compounds used tostabilize antigenic material during lower temperature storage orlyophilization. Examples of such stabilizers include amino acids, suchas alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine,histidine, hydroxy proline, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,phenyl alanine, proline, serine, threonine, tyrosine, and valine; aminoacids salts thereof such as L-arginine hydrochloride salt and glutamicacid alkali metal salt such as monosodium glutamate and monopotassiumglutamate; proteins, or salts thereof, such as protein hydrolysate,bovine protein, mouse serum protein, calf serum protein, yeast protein,chicken protein, egg protein; albumin such as bovine albumin andovalbumin, gelatin, and hydrolysed gelatin.

The stabilizer also includes a monosaccharide, e.g., sorbitol, or adisaccharide, e.g., sucrose, lactose, or maltose. Sucrose is preferred.

The term “mixed” as used herein means mixing a substance by sonication,mechanical or chemical means. Examples of mechanical mixing includestirring, shaking, magnetic stirring, and forcing the substance througha suitable syringe. Examples of chemical mixing include an effervescentreaction causing in-situ gas formation (via chemical reaction of one ormore ingredients, including formation of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2 gas)sufficient to cause a mixing action as the resultant release of gasbubbles pass through the liquid to the surface.

The antigenic component as defined herein can comprise live attenuatedpathogens, such as live attenuated viruses, bacteria, fungi, orparasites. However, an active antigenic component can also comprisekilled viruses, recombinant heterologous immunogens, antigens, antigenicsubunits (e.g. proteins, polypeptides, peptides, epitopes, haptens) orepitopes of immunogens or antigens derived from or originating from oneor more pathogens described herein, which can be expressed from viralvectors, bacterial vectors, plasmid vectors, and the like.

The active antigenic component of the present invention can comprise oneor more immunogens selected from a canine pathogen including, but notlimited to, rabies virus, canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV2), canineherpesvirus (CHV), canine parvovirus (CPV), canine coronavirus,Leptospira canicola, Leptospira icterohaemorragiae, Leptospiragrippotyphosa, Borrelia burgdorferi, Bordetella bronchiseptica and thelike, including combinations thereof. The active antigenic component caninclude the HA, F, NP genes from the CDV, the capsid gene from CPV, thespike, M, N genes from Canine coronavirus, the HN and F genes from cPi2,genes from Lepiospira, genes from Bordetella, genes from Borrelia, andthe gB, gC and gD genes from the canine herpesvirus, among others. Thesecomponents can be useful as antigenic compositions or vaccinecompositions for protecting canines against disease caused by thesepathogens.

Canine Adenovirus Type 2 (CAV2) is widespread and highly contagious todogs, it produces symptoms resembling a cold. Generally the first signsof the contagious disease are fever, which usually subsides in one totwo days. Affected dogs may have tonsillitis, abdominal tenderness,enlarged liver, vomiting and diarrhea. Acute disease is normally fatal.CAV2 may be inactivated or attenuated and combined with the CDV (and/orcPi2) to produce a multivalent vaccine. Alternatively, immunogens orantigens of CAV2, or epitopes of CAV2 immunogens, such as capsid,matrix, or hexon proteins, can be used.

Canine Parvovirus (CPV) is a common intestinal virus which may causevomiting, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, myocarditis and hepatitis in youngdogs. It has been found to be widespread in dogs. CPV can be present inthe antigenic compositions, suspensions, or solutions of the inventionas inactivated, live attenuated, or CPV immunogens, antigens, orepitopes of CPV immunogens, such as the VP1, VP2 (capsid) gene products.

Other active antigenic component useful in the compositions and methodsof the present invention can comprise one or more immunogens selectedfrom avian pathogens including, but not limited to, Salmonellatyphimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Infectious Bronchitis virus (IBV),Newcastle Disease virus (NDV), egg drop syndrome virus (EDS), InfectiousBursal Disease virus (IBDV), turkey virus, avian influenza virus,Marek's disease virus, Herpesviruses such as infectiouslaryngotracheitis virus, avian infectious bronchitis virus, avianreovirus, poxviruses including avipox, fowlpox, canarypox, pigeonpox,quailpox, and dovepox, avian polyomavirus, avian pneumovirus, avianrhinotracheitis virus, avian reticuloendotheliosis virus, avianretroviruses, avian endogenous virus, avian erythroblastosis virus,avian hepatitis virus, avian anemia virus, avian enteritis virus,Pacheco's disease virus, avian leukemia virus, avian parvovirus avianrotavirus, avian leukosis virus, avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcomavirus, avian myeloblastosis virus, avian myeloblastosis-associatedvirus, avian myelocytomatosis virus, avian sarcoma virus, avian spleennecrosis virus, and combinations thereof.

As to specific immunogens, the active antigenic components can also bethe HN and F genes of Newcastle Disease Virus, the polyprotein and VP2genes from infectious Bursal Disease Virus, the S and N genes fromInfectious Bronchitis Virus and the gB and gD genes from Marek's DiseaseVirus. These components can be used as antigenic compositions or vaccinecompositions for protecting avians against disease caused by thesepathogens.

Alternatively, the active antigenic component comprises one or moreimmunogens from a feline pathogen such as, but not limited to, felineherpesvirus (FHV), feline calicivirus (FCV), feline leukemia virus(FeLV), feline infectious peritonitis virus, feline panleucopenia virus,feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), rabies virus, and the like, andcombinations thereof.

The active antigenic component can also include the gB, gC and gD genesfrom the Feline Herpesvirus, the env and gag/pro genes from the FeLV,the env gag/pol and tat genes from the FIV virus, the capsid gene fromthe Feline calicivirus, the S modified gene, M, and N gene from theFeline Infectious Peritonitis Virus, and the VP2 gene from the Felineparvovirus. These components can be useful as antigenic or vaccinecompositions for protecting cats against disease caused by thesepathogens.

The active antigenic component can comprise one or more immunogens froman equine pathogen, such as equine herpesvirus (type 1 or type 4),equine influenza virus, equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEV), tetanus,West Nile virus, and the like or combinations thereof. The activeantigenic component can also include, the gB, gC, gD and Immediate-Earlygenes from Equine herpesvirus type 1, the gB, gC, gD and Immediate-Earlygenes from Equine herpesvirus type 4, the HA, NA, M and NP genes fromEquine influenza virus, genes from Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus,genes from Western Equine Encephalitis Virus, genes from VenezuelanEquine Encephalitis Virus, the prM-M-E genes from the West Nile Virus,and genes from Equine arteritis virus, but are not limited to thesesequences. These components can be useful as antigenic compositions orvaccine compositions for protecting horses against disease caused bythese pathogens.

The active antigenic component can comprise one or more immunogens froma bovine pathogen, such as rabies virus, bovine rotavirus, bovineparainfluenza virus type 3 (bCPI2-3), bovine coronavirus, bovine viraldiarrhea virus (BVDV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), bovinerespiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitisvirus (IBR), Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocido, Pasteurellahaemolytica, and the like and combinations thereof.

The active antigenic component can also be selected from the gB, gC, gDand Immediate Early genes from Bovine Herpesvirus type 1, the F and Ggenes from BRSV, the polyprotein, E1, E2 genes from BVDV, the HN and Fgenes from PI3 virus or genes from Rotavirus. These components can beuseful as antigenic or vaccine compositions for protecting cattleagainst disease caused by these pathogens.

Further, the active antigenic component can comprise one or moreimmunogens from a porcine pathogen such as, but not limited to, swineinfluenza virus (SIV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), porcinereproductive respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), pseudorabies virus(PRV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), hog cholera virus (HCV), FMDV,Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Pasteurellamultocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Escherichia coli, and the like,and combinations thereof.

The active antigenic component can also include the gB, gD andImmediate-Early genes from PRV, the HA, NA, M and NP genes from Swineinfluenza virus, the polyprotein, E1, E2 from Hog Cholera Virus, theORF1 and ORF2 genes from PCV2 virus, the ORF3, ORF4, ORF5, ORF6, or ORF7from PRRSV virus or genes from Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Thesecomponents can be useful as antigenic compositions or vaccinecompositions for protecting pigs against disease caused by thesepathogens.

The active antigenic component can comprise sequences encoding a proteinexpressed in pathogens such as RNA or DNA viruses like HIV, HCV, HBV,HPV, EBV, HSV, CMV, HTLV, Hanta virus, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, RiftValley fever virus, Lassa virus and influenza virus, hemorrhagicenteriditis virus (HEV), infectious rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) amongothers. Such immunogens can be used advantageously as antigeniccompositions or vaccine compositions to protecting subjects, such ashumans, against disease caused by these pathogens.

The active antigenic component can also be, for example, from any one ofthe following pathogenic bacteria and their antigens: Actinobacillusspecies such as Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Bordetella pertussis,Bordetella parapertussis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Bordetella avium,Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psitiaci,Klebsiella species such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, Mycobacterium pseudotuberulosis, Mycobacterium pneumoniae,Group A Streptococcus, Streptococcus equi, Streptococcus pneumoniae,Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcusviridans, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Erysipelothrix species, EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus anthracis, Haemophilusinfluenzae, Haemophilus somnus, Haemophilus parasuis, Salmonellaspecies, Salmonella agona, Salmonella blockley, Salmonella enteriditis,Salmonella hadar, Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella montevideo,Salmonella senfienberg, Salmonella cholerasuis, Rickettsia species,Helicobacter pylori, Helicobacter felis, Shigella species, Listeriaspecies, Legionella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas species, Borrelia species,Borellia burgdorferi, Neisseria meningitides, Clostridium species,Clostridium difficile, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Staphylococcus species,Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Pasteurella pestis,Campylobacter species, Campylobacter jejuni, Treponema species,Leptospira species, Corynebacterium diphtheria, Hemophilus ducreyi,Hemophilus influenza, Erlichhia species, among others.

The active antigenic component may also be derived from a fungus or moldsuch as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigates, Penicillium species,Fusarium species, Candida species such as Candida trichophyton, Candidaparapsilosis, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, and Candidaalbicans, Rhizopus species, Cryptococcus species such as Cryptococcusneoformans, Cryptococcus grubii, Cryptococcus gattii, Paracoccidioidesbrasiliensis, Histoplasma capsulatum, and other fungi and molds. Theactive antigenic component can also be selected from parasitic antigensderived from parasitic species including, but are not limited toPlasmodium species, Trypanosome species, Giardia species, Boophilusspecies, Babesia species, Entamoeba species, Eimeria species, Leishmaniaspecies, Schistosoma species, Bragia species, Fascida species,Dirofilaria species, Wuchereria species, Onchocerea species, Treonemaspecies, Toxoplasma species, Cryptococcus species, Coccidia species,Histomoniasis species, Hexamitiasis species, Giardia species, amongothers; nematodes including Ascaris species, Trichinella species, andthe like, helminthes such as flukes, tapeworms, among others; and otherlike pathogenic organisms. Methods for preparing immunogens derived fromviruses, bacteria, fungi, molds, protozoa, nematodes, and helminthes areknown in the art.

Other useful immunogens can be, for example, purified secreted antigenvirulence factors, such as toxins, cytotoxins and the like. Toxinantigens which are detoxified by modifying (toxoids), which can beadministered in combination with an adjuvant such as aluminum hydroxide,and can be used to stimulate the formation of toxin-neutralizingantibodies. Examples of toxins that may be used as an immunogen includebacterial endotoxins and exotoxins such as lipopolysaccharide,enterotoxins including heat-labile enterotoxins (LT), heat stableenterotoxins (ST), verotoxin (VT), and the like. Bacterial exotoxinimmunogens are secreted into the surrounding medium, and include, forexample, diphtheria toxin (Corynebacterium diptheriae), tetanus toxin(Clostridium tetani), enterotoxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus,botulinum toxins (Clostridium botulinum); and toxins produced by algaesuch as neurotoxins; and the like. Heat-stable endotoxins, released byautolysis of the bacteria, include, for example, cholera toxins releasedfrom the grain negative Vibrio cholerae, colicins produced by intestinalbacteria such as E. coli (bacteriocin).

Immunogens derived from, or originating from viruses, bacteria, fungiand the like may be produced by in vitro culture methods usingappropriate culture medium or host cells lines and conventional methodswell known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, PRRSV maybe cultured in an appropriate cell line, such as MA-104 cell line (seeU.S. Pat. Nos. 5,587,164; 5,866,401; 5,840,563; 6,251,404 among others).In a similar manner, PCV-2 may be cultured using PK-15 cells line (seeU.S. Pat. No. 6,391,314); SIV may be cultured on eggs (U.S. Pat. No.6,048,537); and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae may be cultured in anappropriate culture medium (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,968,525; 5,338,543; Ross R.F. et al., (1984) Am. J. Vet. Res, 45: 1899-1905). Advantageously, CDVcan be cultured in mink lung cells, such as those described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,178,862. Other techniques for the preparation of virus-derivedimmunogens are known in the art, and described, for example, in Ulmer etal., Science 259: 1745 (1993); Male et al., Advanced Immunology, pages14.1-14. 15, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, Pa. (1989).

Also useful are antigenic synthetic peptides that mimic antigenicpeptide sequences. Such immunogens may be synthesized using asolid-phase technique as described, for example, in R. B. Merrifield,Science 85:2149-2154 (1963), purified, and optionally coupled to acarrier protein such as muramyl dipeptide (MDP), bovine serum albumin(BSA), keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and the like, using abifunctional coupling agent such as glutaraldehyde, and the like.

Synthetic antigens are also included within the definition, for example,polyepitopes, flanking epitopes, and other recombinant or syntheticallyderived antigens. See, e.g., Bergmann et al. (1993) Eur. J. Immunol. 23,2777-2781; Bergmann et al. (1996) J. Immunol. 157, 3242-3249; SuhrbierA. (1997) Immunol. Cell Biol. 75, 402-408; Gardner et al. (1998) 12thWorld AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland, Jun. 28-Jul. 3, 1998.Antigenic fragments, for purposes of the present invention, can usuallyinclude at least about 3 amino acids, preferably at least about 5 aminoacids, more preferably at least about 10-15 amino acids, and mostpreferably 25 or more amino acids, of the molecule. There is no criticalupper limit to the length of the fragment, which could comprise nearlythe fall-length protein sequence, or even a fusion protein comprisingtwo or more, or at least one epitope of the protein.

Accordingly, a minimum structure of a nucleic acid expressing an epitopecan comprise nucleotides to encode an epitope, immunogen, or antigen ofa protein or polyprotein. A nucleic acid encoding a fragment of thetotal protein or polyprotein, more advantageously, comprises or consistsessentially of or consists of a minimum of about 21 nucleotides,advantageously at least about 42 nucleotides, and preferably at leastabout 57, about 87 or about 150 consecutive or contiguous nucleotides ofthe sequence encoding the total protein or poly protein. Epitopedetermination procedures, such as, generating overlapping peptidelibraries (Hemmer B. et al., (1998) Immunology Today 19(4), 163-168),Pepscan (Geysen et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 3998-4002;Geysen et al., (1985) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 178-182; Van der ZeeR. et al., (1989) Eur. J. Immunol. 19, 43-47; Geysen H. M., (1990)Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 21, 523-533; Multipin®Peptide Synthesis Kits de Chiron) and algorithms (De Groot A. et al.,(1999) Nat. Biotechnol. 17, 533-561), and in PCT Application Serial No.PCT/US2004/022605; all of which are incorporated herein by reference intheir entireties can be used in the practice of the invention, withoutundue experimentation. Other documents cited and incorporated herein mayalso be consulted for methods for determining epitopes of an immunogenor antigen and thus nucleic acid molecules that encode such epitopes.

Also provided by the invention is a process for producing a freeze-driedstable antigenic composition or vaccine composition comprising, forexample, newcastle disease virus, which comprises the step oflyophilizing a stabilized suspension or solution formed by a liveattenuated is newcastle disease virus suspension or solution, mixed witha stabilizer according to the invention and a sugar alcohol according tothe invention.

“Freeze-drying” or “lyophilization” refers to the process by which asuspension is frozen, after which the water is removed by sublimation atlow pressure. As used herein, the term “sublimation” refers to a changein the physical properties of a composition, wherein the compositionchanges directly from a solid state to a gaseous state without becominga liquid. As used herein, the “T′g value” is defined as the glasstransition temperature, which corresponds to the temperature below whichthe frozen composition becomes vitreous.

A process for freeze-drying an antigenic suspension or solutionaccording to the invention can comprise the steps of: (a) contacting theantigenic suspension or solution with a stabilizer of the invention,thereby forming a stabilized antigenic suspension or solution; (b)cooling, at atmospheric pressure, the stabilized antigenic suspension orsolution to a temperature less than about the T′g value of thestabilized antigenic suspension or solution; (c) drying the stabilizedantigenic suspension or solution (i.e., the primary desiccation orsublimation step) by sublimation of ice at to pressure; and (d) removingexcess residual water (i.e., secondary drying or desorption step) byfurther reducing pressure and increasing the temperature of thestabilized antigenic suspension or solution.

The cooling step (b) can occur at temperatures of less than about−40.degree. C. (water freezing step). Drying the stabilized antigenicsuspensions or solution by sublimation of ice at low pressure (c) canoccur at, for example, pressure lower than or equal to about 200 μbar,whereas a further reduction in pressure can occur at pressures lowerthan or equal to about 100 μbar. Finally, the temperature of thestabilized antigenic suspension or solution during the removal of excessresidual water (d) occurs at, for example, temperatures between about20° C. and about 30° C.

The process of freeze-drying can also be performed with an antigenicsuspension or solution comprising live attenuated newcastle diseasevirus and at least one active antigenic component derived from apathogen oilier than a paramyxovirus, which is mixed with a stabilizeraccording to the invention to obtain a freeze-dried stabilizedmultivalent antigenic or vaccine composition.

The moisture content of the freeze-dried material can range from about0.5% to about 5% w/w, preferably from about 0.5% to about 3% w/w, andmore preferably from about 1.0% to about 2.6% w/w.

Each step, including water freezing, and its removal during the primaryand secondary desiccation, subjects the biological ingredients, such aspathogens, in the antigenic suspensions or solutions of the invention tomechanical, physical and biochemical shock, which have potentiallyadverse effects upon the structure, appearance, stability, antigenicity,infectivity and viability of the pathogens or biological ingredients.

The stabilizers of the invention allow good stability of live attenuatedpathogens like canine paramyxovirus, and maintains the infectivity of,in particular, CDV and cPi2 during the freeze-drying process and duringstorage. The stability can be calculated by the difference between theinfectivity titer before the freeze-drying step, and the infectivitytiter after 12 months of storage of the freeze-dried stabilizedantigenic composition or vaccine composition at 4° C. Good stability canadvantageously comprise a difference of only 1.2 log₁₀, and preferablyof only 1.0 log₁₀. Methods for determining the infectivity titer arcwell known by those skilled in the art. Some methods for determining theinfectivity titer are described in the Examples herein. Also, thestability can be estimated by fitting the log₁₀ titer and the timepoints of the titration during the period of storage using linearregression calculations and/or algorithms.

Further, the stabilizers of the invention allow for freeze-driedpastilles having a good aspect, in other words, having regular form anduniform color. An irregular form can be characterized by the presence ofall or a part of the pastille stuck to the bottom of the recipient andremaining immobile after turning over and shearing (stuck aspect). Also,a pastille having a form of a spool (spooled aspect), or separation ofthe pastille in two parts, following a horizontal plane (de-duplicatedaspect), or a pastille having an aspect of a mousse with irregular holes(spongy aspect), or a pastille having the aspect of foam into therecipient (meringue aspect) have an irregular form and are not accepted.

The stabilized freeze-dried antigenic compositions or vaccinecompositions using a stabilizer according to the present invention andobtained by the process of freeze-diving described above are encompassedin the present invention.

A further aspect of the present invention provides a kit comprising afirst container containing the freeze-dried stabilized antigeniccomposition or vaccine composition of the invention, and a secondcontained containing a diluent.

For its use and administration into a subject, the freeze-driedstabilized antigenic composition or vaccine composition can bereconstituted bye rehydration with a diluent. The diluent is typicallywater, such as demineralized or distilled water, but can also comprisephysiological solutions or buffers known in the art.

The reconstituted ready-to-use antigenic compositions or vaccinecompositions can be administered to an animal by injection through theparenteral or mucosal route, or preferably by oral or ocularadministration by spraying. However, administration of suchreconstituted ready-to-use antigenic compositions or vaccinecompositions can also comprise intranasal, epicutaneous or topicaladministration.

The following examples illustrate preparation and potency of the vaccinecomposition of the present invention when used to immunize a subjectagainst various infectious diseases. Stability evaluations with a titeranalysis of a compressed freeze dried tablet form for various vaccineformulations are also presented. The manufacture of the composition ofthe invention may be made by one or ordinary skill in the art followingthe teaching in US 2003/0026813 and WO 01/13896, which are incorporatedherein in their entirety.

The examples are presented to further illustrate and explain the presentinvention and should not be taken as limiting in any regard. Unlessotherwise indicated in the examples and elsewhere in the specificationand claims, all parts and percentages are by weight. Temperatures are indegrees Centigrade.

Stability Studies

The effect of the mannitol on the stability of vaccine compositions wasalso studied. Six different formulas were made as described in Table 1,to show that the foam controlling agent (mannitol) did not have anynegative impact on stability of the formulations at 6 month and 9 monthintervals. The tablets made from the formulations were stored at about5° C. in standard sealed aluminum blister packs for the duration of timebefore the being reconstituted in diluent and the titers measured.Determination of viral titer of the freeze-dried vaccines was performedby the calculation of the mean titer of three titrations repeated on thesame vaccine. The titer results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 1 Formula Formula Formula Formula Formula Formula 1 2 3 4 5 6Formula for 100 kg Freeze dried 30.00 kg 35.00 kg 33.00 kg 40.00 kg25.00 kg 35.00 kg Antigen and Stabilizer Sodium 41.02 kg 28.92 kg 39.25kg 19.50 kg 43.97 kg 28.92 kg bicarbonate Mannitol 0 15.00 kg 0 26.00 kg0 15.00 kg Anhydrous 28.48 kg 20.08 kg 27.25 kg 13.50 kg 30.53 kg 20.08kg citric acid Magnesium  0.50 kg  1.00 kg  0.50 kg  1.00 kg  0.50 kg 1.00 kg stearate Tablet Characteristics Diameter    12 mm    12 mm   15 mm    15 mm    12 mm    12 mm Hardness   70-200N   70-200N  70-200N   70-200N   70-200N   70-200N Weight (g) 0.74-0.90 0.63-0.771.10-1.34 0.90-1.10 0.74-0.90 0.527-0.645 Thickness 4.5-4.9 <5 4.5-4.9<5 4.5-4.9 3.5-3.9 (mm)

TABLE 2 Titer Results MeanTiter MeanTiter MeanTiter MeanTiter Formula #Antigen Stabilizer (0 months) (3 months) (6 months) (9 months) 1Newcastle Protein 9.4 9.0 9.0 9.1 Disease virus hydrolysate strain VG/GAPotassium glutamate Bovine albumin 2 Newcastle Protein 9.5 9.3 9.2 9.4Disease virus hydrolysate strain VG/GA Potassium glutamate Bovinealbumin 3 Infectious Protein 7.6 7.1 7.3 7.0 Bronchitis virushydrolysate strain CR88121 4 Infectious Protein 7.9 7.8 7.8 7.8Bronchitis virus hydrolysate strain CR88121 5 Infectious Protein 9.4 7.17.4 — Bronchitis virus hydrolysate strain H120 6 Infectious Protein 7.57.6 7.7 — Bronchitis vinis hydrolysate strain H120

Units of Titer: Log 10 DICC50/cp

The results show very good stability of the formulations containingmannitol for a long storage period at 5° C.

Foam Controlling Studies a) Concentrations of Foam Controlling Agent:

Three formulations were made as shown in Table 3 to examine the effectof the amount of foam controlling agent on reducing foaming in solution.These formulations were tableted using conventional means for makingeffervescent tablets. The tablets were mixed in water at roomtemperature and the foaming measured at the peak foaming. The sodiumbicarbonate and citric acid act as an effervescent agent to help mix thecomposition in the water. The results shown in FIG. 1 show that FormulaII (containing 15% mannitol), and Formula III, (containing 33%mannitol), have less foam forming than the Formula 1 (control containing0% mannitol). This shows the decrease in foam formation as the amount ofmannitol increases in the composition.

TABLE 3 Composition Formula I Formula II Formula III Placebo and 33% 33%33% Stabilizer Sodium 66% 51% 33% bicarbonate and Anhydrous citric acidMannitol  0% 15% 33% Magnesium  1%  1%  1% stearate

b) Examination of the Effect of Mannitol on Different VaccineCompositions:

Six vaccine compositions were made as shown in Table 4. Thesecompositions were tableted using conventional means for makingeffervescent tablets. The tablets were mixed in water at roomtemperature and the foaming measured at the peak laming. The sodiumbicarbonate and citric acid act as an effervescent agent to help mix thecompositor in the water. The results shown in FIG. 2 show that Formula B(containing 15% mannitol) has about 50% less foam than Formula A(Containing 0% mannitol). FIG. 3 shows that Formula D (containing 15%mannitol) has about 60% less foam than Formula C (containing 0%mannitol). FIG. 4 shows that Formula E (containing 26% mannitol) hasabout 80% less forming than Formula F (containing 0% mannitol).

TABLE 4 Formula Formula Formula Formula Formula Formula Composition A BC D E F Freeze dried Newcastle Newcastle Infectious InfectiousInfectious Infectious Antigen and Disease Disease Bronchitis BronchitisBronchitis Bronchitis Stabilizer virus strain virus strain virus strainvirus strain virus strain virus strain VG/GA VG/GA H120 H120 CR88121CR88121 (30%) (35%) (25%) (35%) (40%) (33%)  Sodium 69% 49% 74% 49% 33%66 bicarbonate Anhydrous citric acid Mannitol  0% 15%  0% 15% 26% 0%Magnesium  1%  1%  1%  1%  1% 1% stearate

Having thus described in detail preferred embodiments of the presentinvention, it is to be understood that the invention defined by theappended claims is not to be limited by particular details set forth inthe above description as many apparent variations thereof are possiblewithout departing from the spirit or scope thereof

What is claimed:
 1. A vaccine composition, comprising: at least oneanhydrous antigenic component comprising a stabilizer susceptible tofoaming when the composition is mixed with liquid diluent; and aneffective amount of a sugar alcohol foam controlling agent.
 2. Thevaccine composition according to claim 1, wherein the anhydrousantigenic component is lyophilized or dried.
 3. The vaccine compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein the vaccine composition is compressed intoa tablet.
 4. The vaccine composition according to claim 1, wherein thestabilizer comprises one or more amino acids or salts thereof, proteinor salts thereof, albumin, gelatin, or combinations thereof.
 5. Thevaccine composition according to claim 1, wherein the stabilizer is anamino acid or salts thereof proteins or salts thereof, or combinationsthereof.
 6. The vaccine composition according to claim 1, wherein theantigenic component is newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitisvirus, fowl pox virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, marek's diseasevirus, Trichophyton verrucosum, avian paramyxovirus, Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis, meleagrid herpesvirus, orf virus, or sheep pox virus.7. The vaccine composition according to claim 1, further comprising 30%to about 60% by weight of a dissolution agent.
 8. The vaccinecomposition according to claim 7, wherein the dissolution agent is aneffervescent agent or pair of effervescent agents.
 9. The vaccinecomposition according to claim 7, wherein the dissolution agentcomprises a pair of effervescent agents.
 10. The vaccine compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein the effervescent pair comprises a salt andan acid.
 11. The vaccine composition according to claim 2, wherein thelyophilized antigenic component comprises greater than 0% to about 90%by weight of the composition.
 12. The vaccine composition according toclaim 1, wherein the composition is characterized by reduced foamingwhen in contact with the diluent relative to foaming of a compositionthat does not include the sugar alcohol.
 13. The vaccine compositionaccording to claim 12, wherein foam is reduced by about 50%, thecomposition that does not include the sugar alcohol
 14. The vaccinecomposition according to claim 1, wherein the sugar alcohol is xylitol,mannitol, sorbitol, or a mixture thereof.
 15. The vaccine compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein the antigenic component is a live virusand the composition further comprises neutralizing antibodies againstthe virus.
 16. A vaccine tablet composition, comprising: from greaterthan 0% to about 90% by weight of at least one lyophilized or driedantigenic component selected from newcastle disease virus, infectiousbronchitis virus, fowl pox virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, marek'sdisease virus, Trichophyton verrucosum, avian paramyxovirus,Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, meleagrid herpesvirus, orf virus, orsheep pox virus, and a stabilizer selected from one or more amino acidsor salts thereof, protein or salts thereof, albumin, gelatin, orcombinations thereof, susceptible to foaming when the composition ismixed with liquid diluent; an effective amount of a foam controllingagent selected from xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, or a mixture thereof;and 30% to about 60% by weight of a dissolution agent.
 17. The vaccinecomposition according to claim 16, wherein the dissolution agent is aneffervescent agent or pair of effervescent agents.
 18. The vaccinecomposition according to claim 17, wherein the effervescent paircomprises a salt and an acid.
 19. A method of using a composition,comprising: providing a composition according to claim 1; andadministering the composition to a subject.
 20. A method of using acomposition, comprising: providing a tablet according to claim 16; andadministering the tablet to a subject.